| 单词 | Intention to create legal relations |
| 释义 | 訂立法律關係的意圖 Intention to form a binding contract. It has become a common law rule that an agreement will not be enforced unless it evinces an intention to create legal contractual relations: Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 (CA). The test of intention is an objective one, ie whether a reasonable man would regard the offer made to him as one which was intended to create legal relations: Hong Kong Aircrew Officers Assn v Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd [1994] 2 HKLR 367 (HC). The intentions of the parties may be discerned both from the document itself and the conversations and other dealings that took place before and after the document was done: Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1932) 147 LT 503 (HL). Importance of the agreement to the parties would also be considered by the court, especially if one of the parties has performed his side of that agreement. Use of words such as ‘ex gratia’ or ‘without prejudice’ will not of itself exclude an intention to create legal relations: Edwards v Skyways Ltd [1964] 1 All ER 494. Conversely, the presumption that parties intend to create legal relations in commercial agreement may be negatived by the use of words such as ‘subject to contract’ (Humphrey’s Estate (Queen’s Garden) Ltd v A-G & Anor [1986] HKLR 669 (CA)) or include an ‘honour clause’ (Hong Kong Aircrew Officers Association v Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd [1994] 2 HKLR 367 (HC)). 訂立有法律約束力的合約的意圖。普通法已規定，協議必須表明「訂立法律關係的意圖」，否則該協議不得被執行：Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571（英國上訴法院）。意圖的標準是客觀標準，即合理的人會否將向其作出的要約視為意圖訂立法律關係的要約：Hong Kong Aircrew Officers Assn v Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd [1994] 2 HKLR 367（高等法院）。雙方的意圖可從文件本身及在文件訂立前後所發生的對話和其他交易中識別：Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd(1932) 147 LT 503（上議院）。法院亦會考慮協議對雙方而言的重要性，特別當一方已履行其協議部分。即使使用如「特惠」或「不得損害權益」等詞語，亦不會摒除「訂立法律關係的意圖」：Edwards v Skyways Ltd [1964] 1 All ER 494。相反如商業協議使用「訂定合約方才作實」等字眼（Humphrey’s Estate(Queen’s Garden) Ltd v A-G & Anor [1986] HKLR 669（上訴法院））或包括「名譽條款」（Hong Kong Aircrew Officers Association v Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd [1994] 2 HKLR 367（高等法院）），則雙方的「訂立法律關係的意圖」的法律推定可被否定。 |
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