| 单词 | Necessity |
| 释义 | 需要 Generally, that which is necessary or indispensable. Criminal procedure - A defence involving a plea by a person that he or she was compelled by a threat or danger to commit the crime charged. There is a defence that renders a person not guilty, for an otherwise criminal act, where the person is acting under some unavoidable necessity in extreme circumstances: R v Pommell [1995] 2 Cr App Rep 607 (CA). The defence is closely related to the defence of duress and is, in general terms, subject to the same stringent requirements before the defence may arise: R v Howe [1987] AC 417, 1 All ER 771 (HL). There are some circumstances in which it is not criminal for a person to cause harm to the person or property of another and apart from these circumstances, the defence of necessity in extreme circumstances is recognised where it arises from objective dangers threatening the accused or others amounting to duress of circumstances: R v Martin [1989] 1 All ER 652, 88 Cr App Rep 159 (CA). The defence is available only if, from an objective standpoint, the accused can be said to have acted reasonably and proportionately in order to avoid a threat of death or serious injury: R v Martin, supra. The defence is not available in cases of murder, attempted murder, or treason: R v Pommell, supra. Necessity might constitute a lawful excuse where lawful excuse is a defence to a crime: R v Leung Wing Cheung [1958] HKLR 49 (FC). Also known as ‘defence of emergency’ or ‘necessity defence’. See also Agency of necessity; Compulsion; Duress; Self-defence. Restitution - An emergency which motivates a person to take steps to preserve the assets, property or life of another without invitation. A person who acts on behalf of another person by necessity may have a claim against that person for compensation for loss or expense incurred or for restitution of the value of the benefit provided to that other person. The action taken must be such as a reasonable person would take in all the circumstances acting in the best interests of the assisted person: Re F [1990] 2 AC 1. Also known as ‘moral compulsion’. See also Agency of necessity; Unjust factor. 概括而言，指必需或不可缺少的。 刑事法律程序 - 指涉及某人作出的申辯，指出該人因被威脅或危險所強迫而犯下被控告罪名的抗辯理由。此抗辯理由可使某人無罪，在另外的情況下，可構成刑事罪的行為，當某人在極端的情況下因某些不能避免的必要狀況而行事：R v Pommell [1995] 2 Cr App Rep 607 (芵國上訴法院)。此抗辯理由與威迫的抗辨理由有密切的關係，概括而言，在引起抗辨理由前，受某些相同的嚴苛的規定所管限：R v Howe [1987] AC 417, 1 All ER 771 (上議院)。當中有某些情況使某人對另一人或其財產造成損害不會構成刑事罪行，除了此等情況以外，當必要抗辨理由因客觀的危險威脅被告人或其他人引致情況的威迫，在極端情況中的必要抗辨理由可被確認：R v Martin [1989] 1 All ER 652, 88 Cr App Rep 159 (芵國上訴法院)。只有如果從客觀的立場來看，被告人被視為為了避免死亡或嚴重受傷的威脅而合理及合乎比例地行事，此抗辯理由方可成立：R v Martin, 見上文。此抗辯理由不適用於謀殺、意圖謀殺或叛逆罪：R v Pommell, 見上文。必要可構成合法的辯解，而合法的辯解可成為刑事罪的抗辯理由：R v Leung Wing Cheung [1958] HKLR 49 (全體法院)。另稱「緊急自衛」或「必要自衛」。另見 Agency of necessity; Compulsion; Duress; Self-defence。 復原 - 在沒有任何委託的情況下，使某人有動機採取步驟以保留另一人的資產、財產或生命的緊急狀況。因必要情況而以另一人身分行事的人可向另一人提出申索要求就其所招致的損失或支出作出賠償，或就對該另一人所提供的福利所涉及的代價作出復原。採取的行動必須是一個合理的人在任何情況下會採取的行動，並以被協助的人的最佳利益行事：Re F [1990] 2 AC 1。另稱「道德強制令」。另見 Agency of necessity; Unjust factor。n. |
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