| 单词 | Charter of the United Nations 1945 |
| 释义 | 1945年聯合國憲章 An organic document of the United Nations which forms the basis of the most important of all international institutions and includes the most fundamental principles of international law. The Charter of the United Nations 1945 was derived from the conceptions and plans of the World War II Allies and first found expression in the Atlantic Charter of 1941, the United Nations Declaration signed on 1 January 1942, and the Moscow Declaration of October 1943. Between 25 April and 25 June 1945, the Charter of the United Nations was drawn up based on initial proposals drafted by the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and China at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944. The Charter includes the Statute of the International Court of Justice drawn up by a committee of jurists representing 44 countries that had met in Washington early in 1945. The Charter received the ratification necessary to bring it into force, being those of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and of a majority of other signatories on 24 October 1945. The Charter of the United Nations 1945 now has a membership of more than 180 states. The Charter sets out the purposes and principles of the United Nations (arts 1, 2); provides for the pacific settlement of disputes; sets out the actions to be taken with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression; provides for regional arrangement; promotes international economic and social cooperation; sets up the international court of justice; and makes a declaration regarding non-self-governing territories. The Charter may be amended by two-thirds’ majority in the General Assembly and the Security Council including the permanent members: art 108. Since 1945, several amendments have been made to the Charter: arts 23, 27, 61, 109. Representatives of the Government of the Republic of China signed the Charter on 26 June 1945. The Charter was subsequently ratified and the state of China became a member of the United Nations when the Charter came into force on 24 October 1945. Representatives of the Government of the People’s Republic of China began to occupy the seat for the state of China in the United Nations in 1971, following a resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations (GA Res 2758 (XXVI) 1971). Representatives of the Republic of China ceased to do so in the same year. See also General Assembly; International Court of Justice; United Nations; United Nations Security Council. 聯合國的組織文件，構成所有國際組織中最重要的組織的基礎，包括國際法中最基本的原則。《1945年聯合國憲章》源自第二次世界大戰中盟國所提出的概念和計劃，及首先見《1941年大西洋憲章》、於1942年1月1日簽署的《聯合國宣言》及於1943年10月簽署的《莫斯科宣言》。於1945年4月25日至6月25日之間，《聯合國憲章》在1944年敦巴頓橡樹園根據由美國、蘇聯、英國、中國擬定的最初建議案起草完成。憲章包括1945年初在華盛頓由來自44個國家的法學家組成的法學家委員會起草的《國際法院規約》。1945年10月24日，憲章在獲得中國、蘇聯、英國以及其他大多數簽署國的批准後生效。1945年《聯合國憲章》目前有180多個成員國。憲章列明聯合國的宗旨及原則（第1及2條），規定和平解決爭端；列明針對威脅和平、破壞和平和侵略的行動；規定地區安排；促進國際經濟及社會合作；建立聯合國國際法院；及發表非自治領土宣言。憲章的修改需要聯合國大會和聯合國安理會三分之二會員國、包括安理會全體常任理事國同意（第108條）。自1945年以來，憲章第23、27、61及109條已獲修改。中華民國政府的代表於1945年6月26日簽署憲章。憲章於其後獲追認，於1945年10月24日當憲章生效時，中國成為聯合國會員國。1971年聯合國大會通過第2758號決議之後，中華人民共和國政府的代表在聯合國為中國獲得席位，同年，中華民國的代表終止獲得席位。另見 General Assembly; International Court of Justice; United Nations; United Nations Security Council。 |
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