| 单词 | Personal action |
| 释义 | 非土地訴訟 An action at common law evolving from early medieval times, the subject matter of which was not land but personal obligations, particularly contracts. The earliest personal actions were of the writ of debt, the writ of covenant, and the writ of account. The common remedies were the payment of damages for the loss suffered or the return of chattels where appropriate, in contrast to the real actions, where the return of the subject matter of the action (the land) was of the essence of the action. A personal action is distinguishable from an action in rem, a claim to or against certain property in respect of which damage has been done. A decision in personam will only bind those who were parties to the proceedings, whereas a decision in rem will bind the world at large. See also In personam; In rem; Real action. 中古時代早期普通法的一種訴訟，訴訟的標的物不是土地，而是個人責任，尤其是合約。早期的非土地訴訟是有關債務的令狀、契諾令狀及帳戶令狀。 通常的補救辦法是一方就另一方所蒙受的損失作出損害賠償，或在適當的情況下退回有關的實產，而後者的訴訟要素是將訴訟的標的物 （即土地）退回。非土地訴訟有別於對物訴訟，後者是就或針對受損害的財產而提出的申索。對人訴訟的判決只對訴訟有關的各方具有約束力，而對物訴訟的判決則對所有人具有約束力。另見 In personam; In rem; Real action.。 |
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