单词 | Hostilities |
释义 | 敵對行為 Armed conflict fought without any formal declaration of war. See also Act of war; Occupation; Riot. Foreign relations - Warlike or hostile acts by the agents of one sovereign state against another, or by organised rebellious forces within a single sovereign state, but excluding the acts of mobs, riots, or people acting as private individuals in a criminal way: Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co v King [1919] 1 KB 307. Hostilities may continue when the armed forces of one country occupy another country and control it after the occupied country has surrendered its own armed forces and agreed to cease fighting a war. Non-war hostilities are recognised in international law under the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) 1977; Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) 1977 art 1. Insurance - Belligerent, violent acts by agents of foreign powers or of organised forces or rebels. Perils arising from hostilities are often excluded from the risks undertaken under insurance policies. Hostilities are not political acts of terrorists committed for propaganda purposes, but are ‘warlike operations’ engaged in by entities that have at least significant attributes or sovereignty: Pan American World Airways Inc v The Aetna Casualty & Surety Co & Ors (USA) [1975] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 77 (CA). The actual state of affairs is taken into account; it is not necessary that there is an official recognition of war, a severance of diplomatic relations (Kawasaki Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha of Kobe v Bantham steamship Co Ltd [1939] 1 All ER 819, 2 KB 544 (CA)), or an actual clash of armed forces. Hostilities may be committed before or after a declaration of war: Britain Steamship Co Ltd v R [1921] 1 AC 99. 未經正式宣戰的武裝衝突。另見 Act of war; Occupation; Riot。 外交關係 - 主權國家政府機關之間或主權國家內有組織的叛亂團體之間進行的軍事行為或敵對行為,但不包括暴民、暴動和以個人姿態作出刑事行為的人:Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co v King [1919] 1 KB 307。即使一國武裝力量佔領另一國,並在被佔領國武裝力量投降並同意停戰之後取得控制地位,敵對行動仍可持續。非戰爭武裝衝突根據1977年生效的《1948年8月12日日內瓦公約關於保護國際性武裝衝突受難者的附加議定書》(第一議定書);1977年《1949年8月12日日內瓦公約關於保護非國際性武裝衝突受難者的附加議定書》(第二議定書)第1條在國際法上獲得確認。 保險 - 由外國勢力或有組織力量或反叛者的代理人作出的交戰狀態暴力行為。保險單下承諾覆蓋的風險通常不包括因敵對行為而造成的嚴重危險。敵對行為並非恐怖分子為宣傳而作出的政治行為,而是由具有至少明顯屬性或主權的實體所作出的「軍事運作」:Pan American World Airways Inc v The Aetna Casualty & Surety Co & Ors (USA) [1975] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 77(芵國上訴法院)。會顧及有關事務的實際狀況;無須有官方承認的戰爭,外交關係的斷絕(Kawasaki Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha of Kobe v Bantham steamship Co Ltd [1939] 1 All ER 819, 2 KB 544(芵國上訴法院)),或武裝部隊的實質衝突。可在宣戰前或宣戰後作出敵對行為:Britain Steamship Co Ltd v R [1921] 1 AC 99。n. |
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