| 单词 | Retrospectivity |
| 释义 | 追溯效力 The operation, or purported operation, of a statute prior to the time of its enactment. The effect of an enactment is said to be retrospective when (1) it changes the relevant law with effect from a time earlier than the enactment’s commencement; or (2) it otherwise alters the legal incidents of a transaction or other conduct effected before its commencement; or (3) it confers on any person a power to act with retrospective effect: Halsbury’s Laws of England (4th Ed) Vol 44(1), para 1284. There is a presumption that an enactment will not normally be treated as retrospective, even to do so would not be unfair to any person: Gardner v Lucas (1878) 3 App Cas 582; Williams v Smith (1859) 4 H & N 559. The common law is never retrospective, at least theoretically, because it exists complete, and is discovered, not made. In criminal law, there must be no retrospective offences or offences. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under Hong Kong or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was committed. If, subsequent to the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the imposition of a lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby: Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap 383) s 8 art 12(1); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 art 15(1). See also Legislative powers; Legislative validity. 在法規制定前通過的運作或聲稱的運作。成文法規的效力在下述情形被稱為具追溯力：(1) 在成文法規生效日期前，即改變有關法律的效力；或(2) 它改變交易的法律事件，或改變在生效日期前的作出的行為：Halsubury’s Laws of England (第4版) 第44(1)冊，第1284段。通常成文法規會被推定為不具追溯力，就算追溯力不會對任何人不公平：Gardner v Lucas (1878) 3 App Cas 582; Williams v Smith (1859) 4 H & N 559。普通法永遠不具追溯力，因為是被發現而非被制定，它完整地存在，至少在理論上是這樣。就刑事法而言，罪行必須不具追溯力的。任何人之行為或不行為，於發生當時依香港法律及國際法均不成罪者，不為罪。刑罰不得重於犯罪時法律所規定。犯罪後之法律規定減科刑罰者，從有利於行為人之法律：《香港人權法案條例》（第383章）第8條第十二（一）條；《1966年公民權利與政治權利國際公約》第15(1)條。另見 Legislative powers; Legislative validity。 |
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