| 单词 | Duty of confidence |
| 释义 | 保密責任 A duty owed by a company officer to the company not to make improper use of information obtained. A person who has confidential information belonging to another should not use it without the owner’s consent. Such duty can arise out of a contract or a relationship between the parties: Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, Vol 11, Equity [165.228]. In a company, a duty owed by a company officer to the company not to make improper use of information obtained by virtue of the officer’s position. The duty of confidence generally implies and exists between a solicitor and client, banker and customer, doctor and patient and accountant and client. The duty of confidence is subject to, and overridden by, whether at common law or under statute, to disclose in defined circumstances confidential information, then the party must do so, and any express contract to the contrary would be illegal and void: Parry Jones v Law Society [1968] 1 All ER 177, [1969] 1 Ch 1 (CA). Between a principal and an agent, the duty may require the agent not to act for adverse parties consecutively: Earl Cholmondeley v Lord Clinton (1815) 19 Ves 261; Re a Firm of Solicitors [1992] 1 All ER 353, 1 QB 959 (CA). See also Duty of faithful service. Employment - The duty of an employee not to misuse confidential information belonging to the employer during the employment: Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, Vol 10(2), Employment [145.040]. This is an implied duty in absence of express terms. If an employee misuses confidential information during employment, the employer may have good grounds for dismissal. Where the disclosure of the information is in the public interest, there will not be a breach of the implied duty. This implied duty survives the termination of employment but only in restricted form: ibid, [145.042]. See also Duty of faithful service; Restrictive covenant. Equity - The equitable obligation of conscience to keep information confidential, arising from the circumstances in which the information was communicated or obtained. Duty of confidence arises in the circumstances where the confidential information has been entrusted to a person who is obliged to preserve the confidentiality of the information. In equity, an action to protect against the breach of confidence could independently arise of any contractual duty, normally three elements which are the information which has the necessary quality of confidence; the information disclosed in the circumstances imposes an obligation of confidence; and the information which must have been used in an unauthorised manner and causing detriment to the party communicating it, are required to be presence: China Light & Power Co Ltd v MEA Ford [1994] HKLY 967. A person who has confidential information belonging to another may be restrained by injunction from using it without the owner’s consent, but the court will act only at the instance of the party to whom the duty of confidence is owed: Fraser v Evans [1969] 1 QB 349, 1 All ER 8 (CA). See also Breach of confidence; Confidential information; Right of confidence. 公司高級人員對公司負有不得不正當地使用所獲得資料的責任。擁有屬於他人的機密資料的人不應在未獲得該所有人同意的情況下使用該資料。可藉合約或各方之關係產生此等責任：Halsbury’s Law of Hong Kong, 第11冊，衡平法，第 [165.228]段。在公司法中，公司高級人員對公司負有不得不正當地使用憑藉其職位所獲得的資料的責任。保密責任通常隱含並存在於律師與當事人、銀行與客戶、醫生與病人以及會計師與客戶之間。不論是在普通法中或在法規下，保密責任應在限定的條件下披露機密資料，而當事人必須依循進行披露，任何與此相反的明示合約均屬非法及無效：Parry Jones v Law Society [1968] 1 All ER, [1969] 1 Ch 1 （芵國上訴法院）。委託人和代理人之間的保密責任可規定代理人不得隨即為相逆的一方行事：Earl Cholmondeley v Lord Clinton (1815) 19 Ves 261；Re a Firm of Solicitors [1992] 1 All ER 353, 1 QB 959 （芵國上訴法院）。另見 Duty of faithful service。 僱傭 - 僱員有責任在受僱期間不得不當地使用屬於有關僱主的保密資料：Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, 第10(2)冊，僱傭，第[145.040]段。這是在沒有明訂條款的情況下的隱含責任。如某僱員在受僱期間不當地使用保密資料，則僱主可有妥善的理由解僱有關的僱員。如所披露資料涉及公眾利益，則沒有違反隱含的責任。僅在有限制的形式的情況下，此等隱含的責任在有關的僱傭關係終止時仍然存在：見上文第[145.042]段。另見 Duty of faithful service; Restrictive covenant。 衡平法 - 衡平法中，視乎傳達或取得有關資料的情況，有將資料保密的良心責任。如已將有關保密資料委託給有義務將有關資料保密的人，則會產生保密的責任。衡平法中，任何合約上的責任可獨立地產生禁止違反保密責任的訴訟，通常是有所需的保密資格的資料的三項要素；在有關情況披露的資料委以保密的責任 ；此外，亦須已在沒有授權的方式下使用有關的資料，並且導致傳達的一方損害：China Light & Power Co Ltd v MEA Ford [1994] HKLY 967。如一人擁有屬於另一人的保密資料，則可藉禁制令限制該人在沒有有關擁有人同意下使用有關的資料；但有關的法庭僅會在對其付有保密責任的一方提出的情況下才會行事：Fraser v Evans [1969] 1 QB 349, 1 All ER 8（英國上訴法院）。另見 Breach of confidence; Confidential information; Right of confidence。 |
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