| 单词 | Confucianism |
| 释义 | 儒學 The schools of thought developed from the teachings of Confucius (551-479 BC), which are principally recorded in the Analects. The principal theme of the teachings of Confucius is the central position of ethics in the maintenance of proper individual behaviour and proper relationships with others, including one’s parents, siblings, relatives, and superiors. This theme is epitomised in the emphasis placed by Confucius, his disciples and later interpreters on the concept of ‘renyi’ (compassion and propriety), and its manifestations in the concepts of ‘zhongshu’ (loyalty and forgiveness), and ‘zhongyong’ (appropriateness). According to Confucius, social order would be preserved through the maintenance of a moral order based upon proper personal behaviour and interpersonal relationships. On the other hand, the ruler should implement a ‘dezheng’ (virtuous rule) upon the ruled. The ‘virtuous rule’ should have two components: a policy benefiting the ruled in economic matters and a policy lenient penalties upon the ruled while focusing on their education and rehabilitation in political matters. Confucianism became the guiding school of thought of the Chinese nation since the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220AD) and had dominated Chinese society for 2,000 years. During that time, variants were developed through the infusion of Daoist and Buddhist ideas and concepts. The tradition of Confucianism in Chinese society came under sustained attack at the latter part of the Qing Dynasty (1616-1911), when the introduction and spread of European ideas such as the scientific method, evolution and democracy posed a serious challenge to the viability and relevance of Confucianism to the needs of a society under the threat of colonialism by the European nations. The most fundamental criticism of conservative and reactionary qualities of Confucianism was launched by the proponents of the ‘May Fourth Movement’ of 1919. Thereafter, Confucianism ceased to have a guiding role on the development of the Chinese society. 源自孔子(公元前551－479年)的教義(主要記載於《論語》)的思想學派。孔子的教義的中心主題為道德在維持個人修為及人際關係（包括父母、兄弟姊妹、親戚和長輩）中的中心位置，這主題的摘要可見於孔子、其弟子及日後的詮釋者對「仁義」（即憐憫心和禮節）觀念的著重及其對「忠怒」（即忠心和寬厚之心）觀念和「中庸」(合宜)觀念的展現。根據孔子的學說，正當的個人修為及人際關係可維持道德秩序，進而維持社會秩序。另一方面，統治者應對人民實行「德政」（即德性統治），「德政」由兩方面組成：在經濟事宜上對人民有利的政策；在政治事宜上對人民用以寬鬆懲罰，並同時強調人民的教育及改造的政策。自漢代（公元前206年－公元220年）開始，儒學成為了中華民族的領導思想學派，亦支配了中國社會二千多年。在當時，道家及佛家在觀念和思想上的融合形成了儒學的改變；而在清代後期（1616-1911年），儒學的傳統思想在中國社會中遭受到持續的抨擊，歐洲民族殖民主義的威脅下，從歐洲傳入的觀念（例如科學方法、演變和民主）對儒學在生存力和社會需要的現實意義造成嚴峻的考驗。五四運動（1919年）提出了對儒學的保守和倒退的特質最根本的批判，自此以後，儒學不再帶動中國社會的發展。n. |
| 随便看 |
|
法律词典收录了8080条英汉双解法律词条，基本涵盖了常用法律英语单词及短语词组的翻译及用法，是法律学习的有利工具。