| 单词 | Confidentiality |
| 释义 | 機密 A strict contractual legal duty owned by banks to their customers. The credit of the customers depends very largely upon the observance of that confidence: Tournier v National Provincial and Union Bank of England [1924] 1 KB 461 (CA); FDC Co Ltd & Ors v The Chase Manhattan Bank, NA [1990] 1 HKLR 277 (CA). The duty is, however, not absolute but qualified. Disclosure is permitted: (1) under compulsion of law; (2) where there is a duty to the public to disclose; (3) where the interests of the bank require disclosure; and (4) where the disclosure is made with the customer’s express or implied consent. Exception (1) applied only to Hong Kong law and did not include a foreign law: FDC Co Ltd & Ors v The Chase Manhattan Bank, NA, supra. And exception (3) meant only the interests of ordinary banking practice, such as when it is necessary to sue upon an overdraft or matters of that kind, and not to the case where it would be in the interests of the bank to disclose because of a financial obligation imposed by a foreign court: FDC Co Ltd and Ors v The Chase Manhattan Bank, NA, supra. A bank’s obligation of secrecy was not subject to territorial limits. See also Banker-customer relationship; Fiduciary duty. 銀行對其客戶所負有的一個嚴格的合約法律責任。銀行顧客的信譽，很大程度上取決於這個機密責任是否有遵守：Tournier v National Provicial and Union Bank of England [1924] 1 KB 461（英國上訴法院）; FDC Co Ltd & Ors v The Chase Manhattan Bank， NA [1990] 1 HKLR 277（上訴法院）。但是，這個責任並不是絕對的，而是有約制的。披露有關機密是許可的，如果(1) 是法律所強制的；(2) 有責任要向公眾披露；(3) 因為銀行的利益而有需要予以披露；或(4)作出披露是得到顧客明示或默示的同意。項(1)指的例外情況只適用於香港的法律，但不適用於外國法律： FDC Co Ltd & Ors v The Chase Manhattan Bank， NA，見上文。項(3)的例外情況所指的銀行利益只是一般銀行事務，例如當有需要追討透支款項或類似債項時，此外，項(3)的例外情況亦不適用於，銀行基於外國法庭所施加的責任因而為本身銀行利益計作出披露：FDC Co Ltd & Ors v The Chase Manhattan Bank， NA，見上文。銀行的保密責任並沒有地域上的限制。另見 Banker-customer relationship; Fiduciary duty。 n. |
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