| 单词 | Proportionality |
| 释义 | 比例狀態 A proper or balanced relationship between competing considerations. Administrative law - The principle that the courts will quash exercises of discretionary powers in which there is not a reasonable relationship between the objective which is sought to be achieved and the means used to that end, or where punishments imposed by administrative bodies or inferior courts are wholly out of proportion to the relevant misconduct: Meng Ching Hai v A-G [1990] 2 HKC 9 (CA); Ng Mei Sin v The Medial Council of Hong Kong [1995] 1 HKC 242 (CA). The principle of proportionality is well established in European law, and will be applied by Hong Kong courts in the context of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap 383). Constitutional law - The doctrine that legislation and administrative action should not excessively or unjustifiably impinge upon constitutionally guaranteed rights. The regulation of the right must be necessary and justifiable and in applying the doctrine the court should ask itself whether: (i) the legislative objective is sufficiently important to justify limiting a fundamental right; (ii) the measures designed to meet the legislative objective are rationally connected to it; and (iii) the means used to impair the right or freedom are no more than is necessary to accomplish the objective: De Freitas v Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Lands and Housing [1999] 1 AC 69. See also Administrative law; Constitutional law; Delegated legislation; Individual right; Intra vires. Criminal law - A concept used in many areas of criminal law. For example, proper balance between two things. In determination whether a defence of self-defence is made out, the proportionality between the threat and the accused’s action is a relevant factual consideration: R v Biggin [1920] 1 KB 213, 14 Cr App Rep 87 (CCA). A person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances as he honestly believe it to be in the defence of himself: The Queen v Leung Ka Fai [1992] 1 HKCLR 255. The jury must determine whether the act of self-defence was reasonably proportionate to the actual danger faced: R v Cheung Kwok Wai (CACC 271/96, unreported). Where provocation on the part of a deceased is alleged, there need not be any proportionality between the relevant provocation by the deceased and the accused’s act in order for an accused to be acquitted of murder and found guilty of manslaughter: Mancini v DPP [1942] AC 1; The Queen v Chan Wing Yin [1996] 1 HKCLR 143. There must be proportionality between an offender’s total criminality and the sentence imposed: HKSAR v Li So Man (CACC 609/99, unreported). A sentence may not be unreasonably disproportionate to the circumstances of the offence: HKSAR v Francisco Reynaldo [2000] 3 HKLRD 688. See also Excessive force; Ordinary person test; Provocation; Self-defence; Sentence; Totality principle. 競爭因素的適當或平衡的關係 。 行政法 - 如在被索求達到的目的及為達到該目的而使用的方法之間沒有合理的關係, 或如行政組織或下級法院加諸的懲罰對有關的不當行為完全不合乎比例, 法院會徹銷有關所使用的酌情權,: Meng Ching Hai v A-G [1990] 2 HKC 9 （上訴法庭）; Ng Mei Sin v The Medial Council of Hong Kong [1995] 1 HKC 242 （上訴法庭）。歐洲法律已確立良好的比例狀態原則 , 而香港法院會按照《香港人權法案條例》 （第 383章） 的文意應用此原則 。 憲法 - 立法和行政上的行動不應過分地或無充分理由地侵犯憲法上保證的權利的原則。有關權利的規管必須是有需要的和有充分理由的,此外在應用原則時,法院應自問: (i) 立法的目的是否有充分的重要性,是否有充分理由限制基本權利; (ii)設計為符合立法目的的方法是否有理性地與之有關連; 及 (iii) 用以損害權利或自由的方法是否只用來達成目標: De Freitas v Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Lands and Housing [1999] 1 AC 69。另見 Administrative law; Constitutional law; Delegated legislation; Individual right; Intra vires。 刑法 - 刑法很多範疇都使用的概念。例如兩件事物之間的適當平衡。在決定是否能證明自衛的辨護時, 有關的威脅和被告的行動之間的比例狀態是有關的事實考慮因素: R v Biggin [1920] 1 KB 213, 14 Cr App Rep 87 (刑事上訴法院) 。只要在有關的情況是合理的,某人可使用有關的武力, 因他真誠地相信使用有關的武力可保護他自己: The Queen v Leung Ka Fai [1992] 1 HKCLR 255。 陪審團必須裁定自衛的行動在面對實際的危險時是否合理地合乎比例: R v Cheung Kowk Wai（刑事上訴1996年第271號，未經彙報）。凡宣稱死者作出挑釁的舉動，在死者作出的有關挑釁和被告的行動之間則不需合乎任何比例，從而被告可被裁定謀殺罪名不成立繼而裁斷犯誤殺罪: Mancini v DPP [1942] AC 1; The Queen v Chan Wing Yin [1996] 1 HKCLR 143。在罪犯的完全犯罪行為和加諸的刑罰之間 必須合乎比例: HKSAR v Li So Man（刑事上訴1999年第609號，未經彙報）。 刑罰不可無理地與罪行的情況不成比例: HKSAR v Reynaldo [2000] 3 HKLRD 688。另見 Excessive force; Ordinary person test; Provocation; Self-defence; Sentence; Totality principle。n. |
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