| 单词 | Servant |
| 释义 | 僕人／侍從／隨員 A person in the service of another. A term formerly used to describe a person employed by another person, the ‘master’. The relationship of master and servant was originally an aspect of the law of persons, ie it belonged to the same area of law that governed the law between husbands and wives, and parents and children. The labourer was regarded as under the management of the head of the household. From the nineteenth century, the master-servant relationship, based on a domestic model of service, was replaced by the employer-employee relationship, regulated by the contract of employment and industrial legislation. ‘Servant’ is still occasionally used in the sense of ‘employee’. The officers of the Special Administrative Region can be classified as servants. See also Contract of employment; Employee. Contract - The employed party to a contract of employment. Also more commonly known as the employee. In determining whether a person is a servant, one must examine the degree of control in the matter of service rendered by the master: Scottish Insurance Cmrs v Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh 1913 SC 751. It is settled law in Hong Kong that the relationship between civil servants and the state is based on an employment relationship: Choi Sum v A-G [1976] HKLR 609. Employment - A person employed by others to do work such as manual labour, clerical work, or otherwise. Although historically employment law originated in what was termed the law of master and servant, the modern terminology adopted is that of ‘employer’ and ‘employee’; and ‘contract of employment’ is used rather than the older phrase ‘contract of service’. An employer is liable for his servant’s wrongful acts if such acts were authorised by the employer: Hewitt v Bonvin [1940] 1 KB 188. It is settled law in Hong Kong that the relationship between civil servants and the state is based on an employment relationship: Choi Sum v A-G [1976] HKLR 609. See also Master and servant; Shipowner; Vessel. Tort - A person employed by a master to perform service where the performance of that service is subject to the master’s control or right of control what work shall be done and the manner in which it is done or where other circumstances indicate that he or she is a servant. It does not cover friend, visitor or relative: Kwan Shung King v Housing Appeal Tribunal (HCAL 161/99, unreported). If the person is working on his or her own behalf under a contract for services rather than as the servant of another under a contact of service, he or she is an independent contractor: Market Investigations Ltd v Minister of Social Security [1969] 2 QB 173. Whether a person is a servant or an independent contractor is a question of law determined by examining the rights and duties created by the contract as a whole, not just a provision declaring the person to be one or the other: Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance [1968] 2 QB 497. Where there is a relationship of employer and employee, and the employee servant commits a tort in the course of his or her employment, the employer is vicariously liable for the tort of the servant: Ming An Insurance Co (HK) Ltd v Ritz Carlton Ltd [2002] 3 HKLRD 844 (CFA). See also Contract of service; Independent contractor; Vicarious liability. 為另一人服務的人。沿用於描述受僱於別人（「主人」）的人。主僕關係原屬有關個人法的範疇，即規管夫妻、父母與子女之間的同一方面的法律。勞動者以前被視為受一家之主的管理。自19世紀起，基於家庭服務模式的主僕關係，由僱傭合約及勞資法例規管的僱主與僱員關係所代替。「僕人」有時可解釋為「僱員」。特別行政區的人員可被分類為受僱員。另見 Contract of employment; Employee。 合約 - 僱傭合約的受僱一方。更普遍稱為僱員。在決定一人是否受僱人時，必須審查由僱主令致的服務的事宜的控制程度：Scottish Insurance Cmrs v Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh 1913 SC 751。國家與公務員之間的關係是基於僱傭的關係，這在香港已成決定的法律：Choi Sum v A-G [1976] HKLR 609。 僱傭 - 由他人僱用工作的人例如體力勞動工作，文書工作或其他工作。 儘管在歷史上，僱傭法源於稱作主僕的法律，但現代採用的詞彙是「僱主」和 「僱員」；及使用「僱傭合約」而非較舊的詞彙「傭用合約」。如受僱人的不當行是獲僱主授權的，則僱主對有關的行為有法律責任：Hewitt v Bon vin [1940] 1 KB 188。國家與公務員之間的關係是基於僱傭的關係，這在香港已成既定的法律： Choi Sum v A-G [1976] HKLR 609。另見 Master and servant; Shipowner; Vessel.。 侵權 - 由僱主僱用以履行服務的人，而履行該服務受制於僱主對應做的工作及其方式的控制或控制權，或有其他情況顯示他是受僱人。但不包括朋友，訪客或親屬：Kwan Shung King v Housing Appeal Tribunal (高院憲法及行政訴訟，1999年第161號，未經彙報)。如有關人士根據服務合約代表他自己工作，而非根據僱用合約作為他人的受僱人，則他是獨立的承辦商：Market Investigations Ltd v Minister of Social Security [1969] 2 QB 173。 一人是受僱人或獨立承辦商是法律的問題，藉審查由合約整體產生的權利和義務決定，而非僅視乎宣布該人是受僱人或獨立承辦商的條文：Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance [1968] 2 QB 497。凡有僱主和僱員的關係，而僱員在其受僱工作的過程中犯侵權行為，則僱主對有關的侵權行為有替代責任：Ming An Insurance Co (HK) Ltd v Ritz Carlton Ltd [2002] 3 HKLRD 844（終審法院）。另見 Contract of service; Independent contractor; Vicarious liability。 n. |
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