| 单词 | Members' ratification |
| 释义 | 成員作出追認 The ratification by a company in general meeting of a breach of directors’ duties. A company cannot ratify anything which is beyond the powers expressed or implied in the memorandum of association or conferred by the statute: Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co v Riche (1875) LR 7 HL 653; Mann and Beattie v Edinburgh Northern Tramways Co [1893] AC 69 (HL). If a director has acted beyond his powers but within the powers of the company, the relevant transaction may be ratified by a company at an informal meeting of the shareholders, or by the unanimous consent of all the shareholders without a meeting: Grant v United Kingdom Switchback Railways Co (1889) 40 Ch D 135; Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 (HL). Such a ratification will not be implied merely from the fact that the shareholders have seen and passed without comment some documents but it may be implied from acquiescence: Keighley, Maxsted & Co v Durrant [1901] AC 240 (HL). Ratification may be permitted by the company’s articles. In the case of negligence or breach of fiduciary duty, the company may ratify the directors’ act (Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1942] 1 All ER 378, [1967] 2 AC 134n (HL)), unless the act is prohibited by statute or amounts to a fraud on the minority of creditors or the directors are guilty of dishonesty: Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, Vol 6, Companies and Corporations [95.0656]. See also Directors’ duties; General meeting. 公司在股東大會上就董事違反職權作出追認。超越章程大綱或細則所明示或隱含的，或法例賦予的權力者，公司不能作出追認：Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co v Riche (1875) LR 7 HL 653；Mann and Beattie v Edinburgh Northern Tramways Co [1893] AC 69 （上議院）。如董事超越自己的權力，但卻未有超越公司的權力者，有關的交易可在非正式股東會議上由公司追認，或在沒有會議的情形下，經所有股東一致同意作出追認：Grant v United Kingdom Switchback Railways Co (1889) 40 Ch D 135；Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 （上議院）。追認可以藉默許隱含，但不會僅僅由於股東在沒有附加評論下，通過某些文件而被隱含作出：Keighley, Maxsted & Co v Durrant [1901] AC 240 （上議院）。公司的章程細則可允許追認。就忽略或違反受信責任而言，公司可追認董事的行事，(Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1942] 1 All ER 378, [1967] 2 AC 134n （上議院）)，除非法例不允許或構成對少數債權人的詐騙或董事犯不誠實罪者：Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, 第6冊，公司與法團，第[95.0656]段。另見 Directors’ duties; General meeting。 |
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