| 单词 | Prize law |
| 释义 | 海上戰利品法 The law governing maritime capture effected by force during times of war and administered by courts exercising prize jurisdiction. Prize law deals with such issues as whether the capture of property is lawful, and whether the court may make a decree of condemnation by which the property in the prize passes from its owner. At common law, there are two essential elements for a seizure to be lawful, namely, it must occur in time of war and the property must be private and of a maritime nature. A lawful capture remains lawful until the end of the relevant war: Schiffahrt-treuhand, GmbH & Ors v Her Majesty’s Procurator-General [1953] AC 232. If the capture is unlawful, release of the property or damages may be ordered by the prize court. Title is not conferred merely by the fact of seizure, but requires an order of condemnation by a prize court: The Flad Oyen (1799) 165 ER 124. Where seizure occurs on the high seas, the proceeds are droit of admiralty and go to the Government of the Hong Kong SAR, but where seizure takes place in a port, it amounts to a crown droit and the proceeds also go to the Government of the Hong Kong SAR: High Court Ordinance (Cap 4) s 12E(3). International prize law is not codified. Hong Kong law is derived from British prize law: s 12A(1)(c). Prize law is founded on ‘mutual convenience, eternal principles of justice, the wisest regulations of policy, and the consent of nations’: Lindo v Rodney (1781) 2 Doug KB 613n, 99 ER 385. See also Admiralty jurisdiction; Admiralty Court; Condemnation; Port; Prize; Seizure. 規管在戰時以武力得到的海事捕獲的法律, 並由法庭管治行使海上戰利品司法權。海上戰利品法庭處理有關的問題, 例如捕獲的財物是否合法, 及法庭是否可就由物主轉移的海上戰利品財物作出充公的命令。在普通法, 有兩個重要的元素使捕獲合法, 就是捕獲必須在戰時發生及有關的財物必須屬於私有及有海事的性質。合法的捕獲依然合法直至有關的戰爭結束為止: Schiffart-treuhand GmbH v Her Majesty’s Procurator-General [1953] AC 232。如捕獲屬非法, 海上戰利品法庭可命令免除有關的財物或賠償。不會僅靠捕獲的事實而授予所有權, 但需要由海上戰利品法庭命令充公: The Flad Oyen (1799) 165 ER 124。如捕獲在公海發生， 收益是海事法的特權及成為香港特別行政區政府的財物，但如捕獲在港口發生, 則等同皇室的特權而收益也成為香港特別行政區政府的財物: 《高等法院條例 》（第4章）第12E(3)條。國際海上戰利品法並不成為法則。香港法源於英國海上戰利品法: 第 12A(1)(c) 條。海上戰利品法以 ‘互相方便, 永恆的公平原則, 政策最聰明的規則及國家的同意’為基礎: Lindo v Rodney (1781) 2 Doug 613n, 99 ER 385。另見 Admiralty jurisdiction; Admiralty Court; Condemnation; Port; Prize; Seizure。 |
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